revenues from the diplomatic blowback

According to data out of the Kyiv School of Economics (KSE), since 2022 Russia has invested about $10 billion in expanding this fleet, which is now believed to number over 400 ships. Since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine, the volume of Russian oil transported by these tankers has steadily increased, reaching 4.1 million barrels per day in June 2024. Today, the shadow fleet accounts for 70% of Russian seaborne oil and 89% of crude oil exports (as opposed to oil products). It remains a central pillar in the Kremlin’s push to insulate its oil revenues from the diplomatic blowback of the Ukraine war. The Kremlin has adopted various strategies to avoid international controls and ensure the operational continuity of its shadow fleet. One of the most common tactics is the registration of oil tankers under สล็อต